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In the nineteenth century, the positivist school wanted to recognize which element in the use of Romanesque vaulted roof, and in particular the cross vaults, simplification perhaps' forced by the wish to see a linear art altomedievale and Gothic art, which does not fully correspond to reality. While, in fact, important buildings of Romanesque architecture such as the Duomo di Modena or San Miniato al Monte in Florence or the abbey church of Saint-Étienne in Caen were initially covered with trusses, only later replaced by times, by ' other hand the use of vaults, although on smaller areas, was already present from the beginning of the eleventh century in German and Lombard area, as in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Lomello.

The vaults were still one of the factors that enabled the realization of the great Romanesque buildings. Formed by crossing two diagonal arches, had the undoubted advantage over the vaults of conveying the weight rather than along the line of duty, only the four corner support, simplifying the need for controspinte (four points were more controllable because of two lines) and by reducing the effort on the walls, which can then be more slender in height or even pierced by several openings.

The outside most frequent are:

• Scanning the external walls with blind arches and pilasters: This highly distinctive element was a long development in different regions of Europe, the Meuse to Burgundy and Lombardy to Catalonia
• Building shell plastically often treated as inside; frequent decorative motif is the use of niches and pilasters and cornices, etc..;
• Articulated facade with a narthex, a porch, a prostyle, or a portal plastically defined, sometimes there is a rose window;
• Presence of a tower at the transept with the nave (in France);
• Integration with sculptural elements of various kinds in the form of bassolilievi, portals, stilofori items, the lunettes, metopes, etc.;
• With two towers side by side to side (not always symmetric) derived from Westwerk (in areas of Germanic influence in Normandy);
• Presence of a tower block (in Italy) or attached to the apses (in Spain).
• Bands dichromate in Pisan Romanesque and its derivations;
• Presence of marble inlays in the Tuscan Romanesque in Florence.

The extreme flexibility with which the Roman builders freely interpreted models of buildings allowed the insertion of disparate reasons, including Islamic and Byzantine elements (think for example the architecture of the Venetian or Sicilian).

While taking account of regional differences, we can find in the Romanesque style elements characteristic, especially as regards the religious buildings that are its greatest manifestation. For example, the internal division appears to be relatively structured, divided into bays often a span of the nave (a square) corresponds to two spans half the length of the side aisles. The walls are made very thick and sturdy, and the surface treatment of the walls is made in plastic, both within, and outside, with elements projecting that its collapse and create games of chiaroscuro. Are widely used not only as columns in Christian churches, but also the pillars and the use of composite pillars, such as cross-shaped pillars with half leaned. Columns, except cases of pillage, with capitals carved with plants and fantastic shapes, or geometrizzanti, but original and distant than Roman or early Christian. The wall of the nave is generally articulated with plastic elements and openings above the arches and is very often organized on various levels (gallery, triple, cleristorio), the evolution of which he will be one element of development towards the gothic. The material used for the walls is in general (especially for buildings of some importance) stone cutting, reduced in regular concrete, left to view. Not lacking in any brick buildings in areas of missing stone (Pianura Padana). The coverage is mainly a time, although there are also roof truss, both north (Normandy) and south (Italy) and even number of domes (west of France, Venice) during this period spreads the so-called cross vault with an ogive in Burgundy and Poitou. At the same time in the churches of the pilgrimage will begin to use structures that outline the graft of the nave with the transept, like towers and domes, is spreading at the time costoloni from Lombardy and Durham (England), is also the time grid in Germany .

Romanesque presents two seemingly antithetical: one part is not the product of a single country or a single region but was born almost simultaneously in France, Italy, Germany and Spain, and during its development has brought trade and influence each other throughout the area of central and western end to form a genuinely European culture. Moreover, every region has forms, construction schedules, materials different from each other. This dual nature is probably a perfect portrait of the historical and geographical elements that united the medieval "universal" to other very "local. This means a variety in the characteristics that we can give Romanesque architecture.

• Interior
• Exterior
• The issue of cross vaults

Culture and European civilization underwent an acceleration after the thousand years, thanks to a series of technological innovations, above all in agriculture, which allowed to increase food production, raising the population dall'endemica scarcity of food. This triggered a virtuous cycle that allowed a population increase, the resumption of trade and development of villages and cities such as locations of markets, the growth of urban areas gradually allowed the emergence of a new social class, the "bourgeois" dedicated to the activities manufacturing and trade and intermediate between the mass of peasants and aristocrats or ecclesiastics. Moreover, especially in France, the fragmented feudal power by creating a class of warlords. All of these entities will soon trigger a significant demand for new buildings, especially religious. To this is added the activity of the reformed abbeys (as in the eleventh century Cluny and Citeaux in the twelfth century), the system of parishes in the countryside, the spread of pilgrimages and the consequent need for large churches, hospitals and housing for pilgrims.

The Romanesque architecture is the style of building their own centers, which spread in Europe In the twelfth century and until the affirmation of the Gothic, that is towards the middle of the twelfth century in France and with more persistence in other European countries. The adjective "Roman" is the Italian translation of "roman", the word created in the beginning of France to indicate the languages and literatures, Romance or Romance. Charles de Gervilla introduced "roman" in architectural language and the term had luck in a short time is called "Romanesque" is the figurative culture in France that had developed after the Romans until the flowering of Gothic architecture.

Specifically, the term "Romanesque" refers to the link with the Roman architecture, which were included some structural elements (the arch, the pillar, the pillar, the time) and a monumental setting, and space. In relation to the Roman period have been used by historians to the terms pre-Romanesque (referred to architectural achievements of the ninth and tenth century), protoromanico (referring to the first manifestations of this new architectural language on transition between X and XI century) and late for the regions that in the thirteenth century do not accept the new Gothic style.

From the mid-nineteenth century until the early years of the twentieth century, moreover, the Romanesque architecture was the inspiration for a new artistic trend, known as precisely neoromanica architecture.